20% Much of the early research was done in New York City by refugee physicists in the United States. This region had coal mines and was the center of steel production for the Germans. By entering your email address you agree to receive emails from SparkNotes and verify that you are over the age of 13. He had no real desire to be Tsar of Russia, and was blamed for the unpopular Russo-Japanese War. A noted British statesman who led Britain throughout most of World War II and along with Roosevelt planned many allied campaigns. was the effective ruler and later formal head of state of first parts of Spain from October 1936 and then all of Spain from 1939 until his death in 1975. a line of concrete fortifications, tank obstacles, machine gun posts and other defenses which France constructed along its borders with Germany and with Italy, in the light of experience from World War I, and in the run-up to World War II. After the support by the SPD for the German participation in World War I, she co-founded (with Karl Liebknecht) the Spartacist League, Chancellor of Weimar Republic, awarded Nobel Peace Prize for Franco-German reconciliation (1926). By the time the fighting ended on June 2, 1945, the U.S. had lost 50,000 men and the Japanese 100,000. Blum passed legislation extending the rights of the Arab population of Algeria. Fourth French Republic. Stalins Soviet Union fed the Loyalists supplies and armaments, for which it required payment in full, and in gold. You'll also receive an email with the link. About 40,000 foreigners fought on the Republican side in the International Brigades largely under the command of the Comintern, and 20,000 others served in medical or auxiliary units. He successfully commanded Allied forces at the Battle of El Alamein, and troops under his command were largely responsible for the expulsion of Axis forces from North Africa. The coup evolved into the Spanish Civil War during which he led the right-wing Nationalists against the Republicans. an extended essay by Virginia Woolf. The Congress of Berlin was brought together by Bismarck end the Russo-Turkish War and to prevent an entire European war. This occupation cost the French the good will of the United Kingdom and the United States, who presumably thought this was too harsh an action and not warranted by the circumstances. The terms of the treaty were that both nations would be neutral if the other was to go to war with another nation (though this did not apply if Germany when to war with France or if Russia went to war with Austria-Hungary) and that Germany would be neutral if Russia intervened in the Bosporus and the Dardanelles. He was also a pastor and one of the leading thinkers in the neo-orthodox movement. It was Hitler's ultimate goal behind the Holocaust. Initial Nationalist zone July 1936 The point of the alliance was an assurance that if one nation went to war with 2 or more powers, then the others would join the war alongside the nation. Gavrilo Princip was a member of a secret society named Black Hand and was the assassinator of Franz Ferdinand. Moltke was the commanding officer in charge of the Shlieffen Plan in World War 1. Tsar of Russia from 1894-1917, who is largely described as being in the wrong position at the wrong time. a 1922 novel by James Joyce, first serialised in parts in the American journal The Little Review from 1918 to 1920, and published in its entirety by Sylvia Beach on February 2, 1922, in Paris. The English Civil War began a historical precedent in the way the monarchs are seen in Western Europe. . One of the most recognized figures in 20th century art, he is best known as the co-founder, along with Georges Braque, of cubism. The Nationalists, as the rebels were called, received aid from Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany. A dreadnought is a battleship designed but the British at first to maintain their powerful navy over the rest of Europe. A succession of governmental crises culminated in the elections of February 16, 1936, which brought to power a Popular Front government supported by most of the parties of the left and opposed by the parties of the right and what remained of the centre. creating and saving your own notes as you read. an Allied initiative to rid German and Austrian society, culture, press, economy, judiciary and politics of any remnants of the Nazi regime. The the name used in the first half of the 20th century for the regions inhabited mostly by Germans in the border areas of Bohemia, Moravia, and those parts of Silesia associated with Bohemia. Republican violence occurred primarily during the early stages of the war before the rule of law was restored, but the Nationalist violence was part of a conscious policy of terror. Pan-Slavism was preached by leading Russians in the years of the Russo-Turkish War. 22 Life in the Emerging Urban Society. Get Annual Plans at a discount when you buy 2 or more! The How was the Spanish Civil War a preview for World War II? The "bulge" refers to the salient the Germans initially put into the Allies' line of advance. (p. 793), Crucial naval battle which stopped the Japanese march across the Pacific, first time all fighting was done by carrier based aircraft. the meeting of Joseph Stalin, Franklin D. Roosevelt and Winston Churchill between November 28 and December 1, 1943 in Tehran, Iran. the army had been destroyed by the division of the nation. As the bloody conflict escalated, the Republican His and his wife. The Nationalists and Republicans proceeded to organize their respective territories and to repress opposition or suspected opposition. Prime Minister of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland from 1945 to 1951; the first Labour Prime Minister to serve a full Parliamentary term and the first to have a majority in Parliament. estimates. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. The film contains excerpts from speeches given by various Nazi leaders at the Congress, including portions of speeches by Adolf Hitler, interspersed with footage of massed party members. Subscribe now. Thanks for creating a SparkNotes account! Chamberlain flew to Munich to attend summit w/France, Italy & Germany; discussed future of Czechoslovakia; led to transfer of all Sudenten territories to Germany in return of Hitler promising respect sovereignty of remainder of Czechoslovakia, Nonaggression treaty between Russia and Germany allowing Germany to fight a one front war until Germany violated treaty by invading Russia, "Lighting war", typed of fast-moving warfare used by German forces against Poland n 1939, "Phony War" with Hitler in 1939-1940 where Hitler prepared for his attack. Seeking allies against the threat of Nazi Germany, the Soviet Union had embraced a Popular Front strategy, and, as a result, the Comintern directed Spanish communists to support the Republicans. After the war, he was crucial in the implementation of the Marshall Plan, which greatly accelerated Western Europe's economic recovery. The Republican forces had put down the uprising in other areas, except for some of the larger Andalusian cities, including Sevilla (Seville), Granada, and Crdoba. Continue to start your free trial. prison camps used under the rule of Hitler in Nazi Germany. The right reacted with fervor. international treaty "providing for the renunciation of war as an instrument of national policy." The matter of how many were killed remains highly contentious; however, it is generally believed that the toll of Nationalist violence was higher. In the ensuing years, the government became increasingly divided between the socialists of the extreme left and the monarchists of the extreme right. .And Generalismo Franco Franco is still dead. the signature work of Adolf Hitler, combining elements of autobiography with an exposition of Hitler's political ideology of Nazism. ammunition, and was beset by incompetent junior officers and political factions The two sides fought fierce and bloody skirmishes in a war of attrition. AP European History Terms: World War II: Ms., Eric Hinderaker, James A. Henretta, Rebecca Edwards, Robert O. Self, John Lund, Paul S. Vickery, P. Scott Corbett, Todd Pfannestiel, Volker Janssen, Milady - Chapter 11 - Disorders and Diseases, USCG Rules Lights & Shapes (Rules 23 & 24), Letter to the author/ editor - useful phrases. a 20th century garde art movement that revolutionized European painting and sculpture, and inspired related movements in music and literature. Fascist and extreme-right forces responded in July 1936 with an army mutiny and coup attempt that expanded into a civil war. AKA Battle of the Ardennes started on December 16, 1944. planned by the Germans was to split the British and American Allied line in half, capturing Antwerp and then proceeding to encircle and destroy four Allied armies, forcing the Western Allies to negotiate a peace treaty in the Axis's favor. The Visual Front: Posters of the Spanish Civil War; From the Southworth Spanish Civil War Collection at the University of California at San Diego. Your subscription will continue automatically once the free trial period is over. Kafka's works - including the stories Das Urteil (1913, "The Judgement"), In der Strafkolonie (1920, "In the Penal Colony"); the novella Die Verwandlung ("The Metamorphosis"); and unfinished novels Der Prozess ("The Trial") and Das Schlo ("The Castle") - have come to embody the blend of absurd, surreal and mundane which gave rise to the adjective "kafkaesque". He was later a prominent commander in Italy and North-West Europe, where he was in command of all Allied ground forces during Operation Overlord until after the Battle of Normandy. Did you know you can highlight text to take a note? Politically, their differences often found extreme and vehement expression in parties such as the Fascist-oriented Falange and the militant anarchists. When the USS Maine sank, the United States believed the tragedy was the result of Spanish sabotage and declared war on Spain. II. The D-Day invasion began on the 5 beaches of this region. fast, maneuverable British fighter plane that helped England win the Battle of Britain. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. He was followed in May 1937 by Juan Negrn, also a socialist, who remained premier throughout the remainder of the war and served as premier in exile until 1945. This war was begun when Italy declared war on Turkey and conquered Tripoli and the Dodecanese Islands. Under the barrage of nationalist attack Barcelona fell, during the killing of all the 11 million Jews of Europe, a process now known as the Holocaust. You have these wonderful images, for instance. The ship had ten guns and was bigger and faster than previous ships. Thus, the Britain, as a result, stood by France all the more firmly. Germany and Italy intervened in the long, complicated Spanish Civil War, where their support eventually helped General Francisco Franco's fascist movement defeat republican Spain (Spain's only official aid came from the U.S.S.R) . Mola organized for military action in Pamplona, while Franco traveled to Morocco Members will be prompted to log in or create an account to redeem their group membership. From 1936 to 1939, civil war raged in Spain, on the periphery of continental politics. one of the major German-language fiction writers of the 20th century. The goal of these operations as planned by the Germans was to split the British and American Allied line in half, capturing Antwerp and then proceeding to encircle and destroy four Allied armies, forcing the Western Allies to negotiate a peace treaty in the Axis's favor. Germany also made a great contribution in the form of specialists and On March 7 a civil war broke out in Madrid between communist and anticommunist factions. (2002) Compare and contrast the religious policies of TWO of the following: Elizabeth I of England Catherine de Medicis of France Isabella I of Spain The English Civil War . During the interwar period, Woolf was a significant figure in London literary society and a member of the Bloomsbury Group. Cornell Notes Topic / Objective: Name: Jack Andrew Joa The Spanish Civil War Class: Chapter 23.4 Notes Period: Date: Essential Question: The Spanish Civil War Chapter 23.4 Notes Questions: Notes: Spain: World War I: Neutral. Thus strengthened, the Loyalists fought desperately against Franco and his supporters (including the Roman Catholic Church, of whom they murdered more than 1000 priests and nearly 300 nuns). The command structure of The right reacted with fervor. The Spanish civil war is one of the most famous coups in the world and took place between July of 1936 and April of 1939. in august 1942, the Japanese attacked the American forces with four savage attacks and were repulsed, with horrendous losses on both sides. Russia agreed to declare war on Japan after the surrender of Germany and in return FDR and Churchill promised the USSR concession in Manchuria and the territories that it had lost in the Russo-Japanese War. He was executed with his family shortly thereafter in 1918. Spanish popular front Sometimes it can end up there. Omissions? Moltke, however, gave too-vague orders to the troops on the French front, resulting in a retreat. His German allies pursued their experiments. If I've gotten a term wrong, join the "AP Euro - NDHS" Quizlet group, and you should be able to correct it. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. occurred in 1923 when Germany stopped making their reparation payments required by the Treaty of Versailles. "Monty", was a British Army officer. an English novelist and essay writer who is regarded as one of the foremost modernist literary figures of the twentieth century. violence and anarchy which reigned in the streets of Spain. The Young Turks in the Ottoman Empire began the Turkish Revolution of 1908-09. The Spanish Civil War (18 July 1936 - 1 April 1939) was a civil war between Republicans and Nationalists. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. seven agreements negotiated at Locarno, Switzerland on 5 October - 16 October 1925 and formally signed in London on December 1, in which the World War I Western European Allied powers and the new states of central and Eastern Europe sought to secure the post-war territorial settlement, in return normalizing relations with defeated Germany (which was, by this time, the Weimar Republic). Wed love to have you back! a worldwide economic downturn which started in October of 1929 and lasted through most of the 1930s. a gathering of 730 delegates from all 45 Allied nations at the Mount Washington Hotel, situated in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire to regulate the international monetary and financial order after the conclusion of World War II. (p. 797). EXAMPLE:The girl with the brown hair is a new student. The Entente Cordiale was an agreement between Britain and France to support each other against protests by a third nation and in which they cleared up conflicts about over-seas possessions (such as British occupation of Egypt and French penetration of Morocco). In 1936 the Spanish Civil War began. out the war than the clumsy democratic government of the Republicans. On April 14, 1931 the Spanish monarchy was declared overthrown and a provisional government took power. On one side, the Nationalist, were most Roman Catholics, important elements of the military, most landowners, and many businessmen. This man led the Fascists, fighting republican forces. The Bulgarians claimed more of Macedonia than the Serbs wanted, leading to tension in the Balkans. This treaty averted war for the time being but left both the Russians and Turks dissatisfied and later was one of the causes for the First World War. Corrections? a cultural movement that began in the mid-1920s, and is best known for the visual artworks and writings of the group members. a novel by Franz Kafka about a character named Josef K., who awakens one morning and, for reasons never revealed, is arrested and subjected to the rigours of the judicial process for an unspecified crime. They granted the right to vote to women. leadership. On the other side, the Republican, were urban workers, most agricultural labourers, and many of the educated middle class. When Franco was proclaimed head of the Nationalist government on Japanese city in which the second atomic bomb was dropped (August 9, 1945). The war was an outcome of a polarization of Spanish life and politics that had developed over previous decades. In Egypt, Allied (primarily Commonwealth) forces under a British Field Marshal Montgomery finally stopped the Germans under the command of Field Marshal Rommel. In the elections of February 1936 the left won a clear majority. Co-owner of one of the Irish Press Newspapers, he served in public office from 1917 to 1973, holding the various Irish prime ministerial and presidential offices. held at the Anfa Hotel in Casablanca, Morocco, from January 14 to 24, 1943, to plan the European strategy of the Allies during World War II. Youve successfully purchased a group discount. on 50-99 accounts. In the Spanish Civil War, service for Spaniards living abroad was optional and would have involved a voluntary return to the country to join either side. Generals Goded, Mola, and Francisco Franco Between these extremes were other groups covering the political spectrum from monarchism and conservatism through liberalism to socialism, including a small communist movement divided among followers of the Soviet leader Joseph Stalin and his archrival, Leon Trotsky. He was a skilled draftsman, best known for the striking, bizarre, and beautiful images in his surrealist work. While advocating Irish national self-reliance, its precise political meaning was undefined whether it meant republicanism or Arthur Griffith-style dual monarchism. In 1937, Hemingway traveled to Spain in order to report on the Spanish Civil War for the North American Newspaper Alliance. an American novelist, short-story writer, and journalist. The thirty Years war was principally fought throughout Central Europe and involved most of the countries in Europe. BY SPRING 1936 THE PLOT TO OVERTHROW THE OUTBREAK OF THE SPANISH CIVIL WAR COUP D'?TAT Generals Mola, Goded, Fanjul and Franco (later) Sanjurjo was nominal leader but he was in exile in Portugal Mola became the main organiser Included lots of younger, more junior officers Met 8 March 1936 Agreed that if Caballero took . She started the journal Die Rote Fahne (The Red Flag). A methodical plan orchestrated by Hitler to ensure German supremacy. and Barcelona. You'll be billed after your free trial ends. Falange in the Pre-Civil-War Years, 1933-1936 Early Fascist Movements Germany and Japan signed this, promising a common front against communisim. He rose from humble origins to become the first Labour Prime Minister in 1924. This was the government in France established after World War Two; they refused to have a strong presidency. The wars end brought a period of dictatorship that lasted until the mid-1970s. an alliance formed in 1920 and 1921 by Czechoslovakia, Romania and Yugoslavia with the purpose of defending against Hungarian irredentism and preventing the Habsburg restoration, the 1938 annexation of Austria into Greater Germany by the Nazi regime, a British Conservative politician and Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1937 to 1940. Despite the absence of a real legal basis, the ICRC managed to negotiate access to prisoners and organized help for civilians. When an initial military coup failed to win control of the entire country, a bloody civil war ensued, fought with great ferocity on both sides. Had they taken Stalingrad, they could have gone to Moscow, and would never have been defeated. A dreadnought is a battleship designed but the British at first to maintain their powerful navy over the rest of Europe. They decided to a British economist whose ideas, called Keynesian economics, had a major impact on modern economic and political theory as well as on many governments' fiscal policies. They wanted the sultan to restore a liberal parliamentary constitution in the Ottoman Empire and threatened that the empire would fall if the constitution was not brought back. The Little Entente was an alliance formed in 1920 and 1921 by Czechoslovakia, Romania and Yugoslavia to defend itself against Hungary and the rise of the Habsburgs. Allied forces under Dwight D. Eisenhower landed on the beaches of France in history's greatest naval invasion. The Spanish conflict quickly generated worldwide fears that it could explode into a full-fledged European war. Mussolini had been involved to some extent in Spanish affairs before the revolt, Peace was kept through the partition of the Ottoman Empire; Russians obtained Batum and Kars, won independence for the Serbs and Romanians, recognized Montenegro as an independent state, and divided Bulgaria into three zones still within the Ottoman Empire, Austria-Hungary was to "occupy and administer" Bosnia, Britain received Cyprus (a large island), France was told they might expand from Algeria into Tunisia, Italy got cheated out of anything, and Germany got nothing. Discount, Discount Code Cubism is a painting of a normal scene but painted so that it is viewed from multiple views while the positions of some of the parts are rotated or moved so that it is odd looking and scrambled. Unsuccessful German attack on the city of Stalingrad during World War II from 1942 to 1943, that was the furthest extent of German advance into the Soviet Union. French Radical-Socialist politician, and Prime Minister of France at the beginning of World War II. for a group? a document that is an attempt to control king (Charles I) included: -no taxes unless approved by Parliament -no forced loans, no martial law in peacetime, no imprisonment without trial, no quartering of soldiers -KING NOT ABOVE LAW Charles agreed to the petition only because he needed the money lead up to Civil War The Loyalists held the capital at Madrid, the Basque Country, and the developed eastern seaboard, including Catalonia with its cosmopolitan capital at Barcelona. His painterly skills are often attributed to the influence of Renaissance masters, French intellectual, novelist, essayist and critic, best known as the author of In Search of Lost Time (in French la recherche du temps perdu, also translated as Remembrance of Things Past), a monumental work of twentieth-century fiction consisting of seven volumes published from 1913 to 1927, a semi-autobiographical novel in seven volumes by Marcel Proust. He ruled a military dictatorship until his death in 1975. in Spain's Second Republic was an electoral coalition and pact signed in January 1936 by various left-wing political organizations, instigated by Manuel Azaa for the purpose of contesting that year's election. was a Russian painter, printmaker and art theorist. On April 25, 1937, the small northern town of Guernica was bombed by the town remained intact. In response to this loss of good will, France shifted its policy and began to accept the fact that Germany was once again going to be a major player in central European politics. In foreign policy, his government was divided between the traditional anti-militarism of the French left and the urgency of the rising threat of Nazi Germany. one of the dominant political figures in 20th century Ireland. Britain, The Spanish Republicans turned to the Soviet Union for support. Serbia occupied part of Albania (and was supported by Russia), the Greeks claimed a part, and parts had been promised to Italy. He served longer as the leader of the Labour Party than anyone else in British history. Civil Guard was present. Introduction - The Political Setting of Spain (1931-1936) . Spanish Civil War This war broke out in 1936, and made the new European alignment that found the Western democracies on one side and the fascist states on the other clearer. The painting is full of energy but there is no color and its monochrome, nighttime palette is bleak and disorientating. On October 1, 1936, he was named head of state and set up a government in Burgos. a series of trials most notable for the prosecution of prominent members of the political, military and economic leadership of Nazi Germany. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. Bismarck allied Germany with Austria-Hungary and then with Italy in 1882. adjective. The ship had ten guns and was bigger and faster than previous ships. Example 1. One of the most striking images of 20th-century art, Guernica is a nightmare vision of violence, pain, and chaos. She was a theorist of the Social Democratic Party of the Kingdom of Poland, later becoming involved in the German SPD, followed by the Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany. Southern Pro-Nazi French; govern themselves as loyal to nazis; traitors to the Free French in N. France. Renaissance & Exploration 1450-1648 . It was the first World War II conference among the Big Three (the Soviet Union, the United States, and the United Kingdom) in which Stalin was present. The Republicans received aid from the Soviet Union as well as from the International Brigades, composed of volunteers from Europe and the United States. was a French painter and sculptor who, with Pablo Picasso, developed cubism and became one of the major figures of twentieth-century art. a conflict in which the Francoists or Nationalists, led by General Francisco Franco, defeated the Republicans or Loyalists of the Second Spanish Republic. Renew your subscription to regain access to all of our exclusive, ad-free study tools. The Triple Alliance was begun in 1879 by Bismarck, who wanted to keep France at a distance. Austrian Chancellor who refused to be intimidated by Hitler and decided to announce a plebiscite on March 13th in which Austrian people themselves could decide whether to unite with Germany. Examine the role of communism and fascism in the Spanish Civil War, This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/event/Spanish-Civil-War, The Holocaust Encyclopedia - Spanish Civil War, History Learning Site - The Spanish Civil War, Spanish Civil War - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11), Spanish Civil War - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up), International Brigades in the Spanish Civil War. Terms in this set (376) . A German term used by Hitler to describe the German people, Hitler's expansionist theory based on a drive to acquire "living space" for the German people, made up by Italy, France, and Britain to keep the status quo in Europe when Hitler decided to rearm Germany, this was a report generated by a League of Nations to try to determine the causes of the Manchurian Incident which led to the Empire of Japan's seizure of Manchuria; it condemned Japan for resorting to force, but the powers were unwilling to impose sanctions; Japan then withdrew from the league and kept Manchuria, these were Fascists in Spain; they lost the 1936 elections; as a result, Francisco Franco led an army against the republic; this coup d'etat was successful and Franco became the dictator of Spain. (1874-1965) He was the British prime minister during World War II and won a Noble prize for literature. Nationalists suffered from incompetent junior officers, but not to the same Her most famous works are documentary propaganda films for the German Nazi Party. One cause was that Spain wanted Independence by the end of March. A union of Britain and its many current and former colonies. their involvement, and hundreds of airplanes were sent, along with tanks and By signing up you agree to our terms and privacy policy. Codename for Nazi Germany's invasion of the Soviet Union during World War II -- led to USSR joining the Allies.